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Wprowadzenie i cel:
Rak jelita grubego jest jednym z najczęstszych nowotworów o niekorzystnym rokowaniu na świecie. Ryzyko zachorowania wydaje się być ściśle związane z czynnikami zewnętrznymi, na które człowiek narażony jest każdego dnia poprzez środowisko oraz styl życia. Praca przedstawia najważniejsze aspekty poruszone w wielu badaniach naukowych dotyczących rozwoju raka jelita grubego. Celem pracy jest analiza modyfikowalnych czynników ryzyka wystąpienia tego nowotworu oraz zwrócenie uwagi na możliwość zmniejszenia częstości występowania raka jelita grubego poprzez zmianę stylu życia.

Opis stanu wiedzy:
W ostatnich latach obserwuje się stopniowy wzrost liczby zachorowań na raka jelita grubego. Jest to nowotwór, który może wystąpić w każdym wieku. Proces nowotworzenia zostaje zainicjowany poprzez różne czynniki doprowadzające do powstania stanu zapalnego determinującego zwiększenie produkcji cytokin prozapalnych oraz hamującego mechanizmy obronne organizmu. Do najważniejszych czynników, które zwiększają ryzyko zachorowania na ten nowotwór, należy niewłaściwa dieta, otyłość oraz zaburzenia metaboliczne, palenie papierosów, mała aktywność fizyczna, a także narażenie na czynniki środowiskowe wpływające niekorzystnie na człowieka.

Podsumowanie:
Nieprawidłowa dieta, zaburzenia metaboliczne oraz gospodarki hormonalnej pacjentów przyczyniają się do powstania licznych miejscowych stanów zapalnych błony śluzowej jelit. Długotrwałe narażenie na zanieczyszczenia obecne w otoczeniu zwiększa ryzyko powstania komórek z nieprawidłowym DNA i procesów nowotworzenia. Rak jelita grubego jest ważnym problemem klinicznym na całym świecie, dlatego istotne jest podniesienie świadomości na temat czynników ryzyka oraz poprawa efektywności profilaktyki.

Introduction and objective:
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers with a poor prognosis worldwide. The risk of the disease seems to be closely related to the external factors to which a person is exposed every day through the environment and lifestyle. The article presents the most important aspects discussed in many scientific studies on the development of colorectal cancer. The purpose of this study is to analyze modifiable risk factors for this cancer and to highlight the possibility of reducing the incidence of colorectal cancer through lifestyle changes.

Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge:
In recent years, there has been a gradual increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer. It is a neoplasm that can occur at any age. The process of carcinogenesis is initiated by various factors that lead to inflammation determining an increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the immune mechanisms. Among the most important factors that increase the risk of developing this cancer are unhealthy diet, obesity and metabolic disorders, smoking, low physical activity, as well as exposure to environmental factors that negatively affect a person.

Summary:
Unhealthy diet, metabolic and endocrine disorders of patients promote the development of multiple localized inflammations of the intestinal mucosa. Long-term exposure to pollutants present in the environment increases the risk of cells with abnormal DNA and tumorigenesis processes. Colorectal cancer is an important clinical problem occurring all over the world, so it is important to raise understanding of risk factors and improve the effectiveness of prevention.
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ISSN:1505-7054
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