LETTER TO EDITORS
Risk Factors, Processes and Risk Management within a Public Health Context
1
The National Public Health and Medical Officer Service, Office of the Chief Medical Officer, Budapest
Corresponding author
Med Srod. 2016;19(2):7-18
KEYWORDS
public healthrisk managementprimarysecondary and tertiary preventionindirect risk factorprimary risk factorsecondary risk factorchronic state of disease
ABSTRACT
Besides clinical medicine, which is in the process of constant and fast development, the focus is increasingly on public health services, which should be well prepared for reducing or keeping under control the dangers induced by the growing social burden of disease. Continuous risk management is represented by these services that are specially designed to prevent diseases and health damages. The grounds for the planning and implementation of public health services are constituted by risk factor management and assessment by means of adopting a unified
approach. The organisation as well as the cost-effective implementation of services – providing primary, secondary and tertiary prevention – on community and individual levels will be of utmost importance in the future, and will mean, besides risk equalisation, adopting a unified approach as to the provision of public health services
REFERENCES (58)
4.
Kraemer H.C., Stice E., Kazdin A., Offord D., Kupfer D.: How. Do Risk Factors Work Together? Mediators, Moderators, and Independent, Overlapping, and Proxy Risk Factors. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158(6): 848-56.
6.
Kaplan G.A., Keil J.E.: Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. Circulation 1993;88: 1973-98. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.88.4.1973.
7.
Evans G.W., Kim P.: Multiple risk exposure as a potential explanatory mechanism for the socioeconomic status–health gradient. Ann NY Acad Sci 2010;(1186): 174-89.
8.
Griskevicius V., Tybur J.M., Delton A.W., Robertson T.E.: The Influence of Mortality and Socioeconomic Status on Risk and Delayed Rewards: A Life History Theory Approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2011;100(6): 1015–26.
9.
El Hazmi M.A.: Spectrum of genetic disorders and the impact on health care delivery: an introduction. EMHJ - Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 1999;5(6): 1104-13.
10.
O’Daniel J.M.: The prospect of genome-guided preventive medicine: a need and opportunity for genetic counselors. J Genet Couns 2010;19(4): 315-27. doi: 10.1007/s10897-010- 9302-4. Epub 2010 May 4.
11.
Mega J.L., Stitziel N.O., Smith J.G., Chasman D.I., Caulfield M.J., et al.: Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy: an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials. The Lancet Published online: March 3, 2015.
12.
Kathiresan S., Srivastava D.: Genetics of human cardiovascular disease. Cell 2012;148: 1242-57.
13.
Schunkert H., König I.R., Kathiresan S., Reilly M.P., Assimes T.L., Holm H., et al.: Large-scale association analysis identifies 13 new susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2011;43(4):333-8. doi: 10.1038/ng.784.
14.
Dormandy J.A., Charbonnel B., Eckland D., Erdmann E., Massi-Benedetti M., et al.: Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 2005;366(9493):1279-89. Published in issue: October 08, 2005.
15.
Agboola S.O., Ball M., Kvedar J.C., Jethwani K.: The future of Connected Health in preventive medicine. QJM 2013;106(9):791-4. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hct088. Epub 2013 Apr 18.
17.
Glover J.D., Hetzel D., Tennant S.K.: The socioeconomic gradient and chronic illness and associated risk factors in Australia. Australia and New Zealand Health Policy 2004;1:8.
19.
Ruland E.C., Dinca I., Curtis V., Barry M.M., Ekdahl K., Timen A. :Learning from each other: where health promotion meets infectious diseases. Eurohealth incorporating Euro Observer 2015;21(1).
20.
Hanson M.A., Low F.M., Gluckman P.D.: Epigenetic epidemiology: the rebirth of soft inheritance. Ann Nutr Metab 2011;58(Suppl 2): 8-15. doi: 10.1159/000328033. Epub 2011 Aug 12.
21.
Van Hulst A., Roy-Gagnon M.H., Gauvin L., Kestens Y., Henderson M., Barnett T.A.: Identifying risk profiles for childhood obesity using recursive partitioning based on individual, familial, and neighborhood environment factors. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2015;12(1):175. doi: 10.1186/s12966-015-0175-7. Epub 2015 Feb 15.
22.
Huang T., Hu F.B.: Gene-environment interactions and obesity: recent developments and future directions. BMC Medical Genomics 2015;8(Suppl 1): S2.
23.
Feinstein A.: The pre-therapeutic classification of co-morbidity in chronic disease. J Chronic Dis 1970;23: 455-69.
24.
Fortin M., Bravo G., Hudon C., Vanasse A., Lapointe L.: Prevalence of multimorbidity among adults seen in family practice. Ann Fam Med 2005;3: 223-8.
25.
Kahan T.: Hypertension: an urgent need for global control and prevention. The Lancet 2014;383(9932): 1861-1944.
26.
Sheridan C.: Gene therapy finds its niche. Nat Biotechnol 2011;29(2):121-8. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1769.
27.
Lim Stephen S., et al.: A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet 2010;380(9859): 2224-60.
28.
Pearson T. A.: Recent Advances in Preventive Cardiology and Lifestyle Medicine Public Policy Approaches to the Prevention of Heart Disease and Stroke. Circulation 2011;124: 2560-71. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968743.
29.
Harris M. (ed.): SNAP. A population health guide to behavioural risk factors in general practice. Prepared by The.
30.
Royal Australian College of General Practitioners National Standing Committee – Quality Care, in conjunction with the Publications Unit of the RACGP. University of New South Wales, Published October 2004.
31.
Hosseinpoor A.R., Bergen N., Kunst A., Harper S., Guthold R., Rekve D., d’Espaignet E.T., Naidoo N., Chatterji S.: Socioeconomic inequalities in risk factors for non communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries: results from the World Health Survey. BMC Public Health 2012;12:912.
32.
Ross C. Brownson, Debra Haire-Joshu, Douglas A Luke. Shaping the Context of Health: A Review of Environmental and Policy Approaches in the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Annual Review of Public Health. 2006;27:341-70.
34.
Khoury M.J., Gwinn M., Burke W., Bowen S., Zimmern R.: Will genomics widen or help heal the schism between medicine and public health? Am J Prev Med 2007;33(4): 310-7.
35.
Leavel H.R., E Gurney Clark as „the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency. Preventive Medicine for he Doctor in his Community (3rd ed.). Huntington, NY: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company: 1979.
36.
van der Lee J., Mokkink L., Grootenhuis M., Heymans H., Offringa M.: Definitions and measurement of chronic health conditions in childhood, JAMA 2007;297:2741-51.
37.
Mathers C., Loncar D.: Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLOS Med 2006;3:e442.
39.
Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. The Lancet 2015;385(9963):117-71.
40.
Vineis P., Wild Ch.P.: Global cancer patterns: causes and prevention. 2014;383(9916):549-57.
41.
WHO. The World Health Report 2002 – Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. World Health Organization, Geneva;.
42.
Lopez A.D, Mathers C.D., Ezzati M., Jamison D.T., Murray Ch.J.L:. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data The Lancet 2006;367(9524): 1747-57.
43.
Fazel S., Geddes J.R., Kushel M.: The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations. The Lancet 2014;384(9953):1529-40.
44.
Hankey G.J., Warlow Ch.P.: Treatment and secondary prevention of stroke: evidence, costs, and effects on individuals and populations. The Lancet 1999;354(9188):1457-63. Published in issue: October 23, 1999.
45.
European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force.
46.
of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2012;19(4): 585-667. http://cpr.sagepub.com/content... 2012/06/18/2047487312450228.full.pdf.
47.
Geoffrey R.: Sick individuals and sick populations. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30(3):427-32. doi: 10.1093/ije/30.3.427.
48.
Brownson R.C., Fielding J. E., Maylahn Ch.M.: Evidence- Based Public Health: A Fundamental Concept for Public Health Practice Annual Review of Public Health 2009;30:175-201.
49.
Ezzati M., Lopez A.D., Rodgers A., Vander Hoorn S., Murray C.J. and the Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. The Lancet 2002;360: 1347-60.
50.
Lyons R.A., Ford D.V., Moore L., Rodgers S.E.: Use of data linkage to measure the population health effect of nonhealth- care interventions. The Lancet 2014;383(9927): 1517-9.
51.
Rechel B., Grundy E., Robine J-M., Cylus J., Mackenbach J.P., Knai C., McKee M.: Ageing in the European Union. The Lancet 2013;381(9874): 1312-22.
52.
Starfield B., Hyde J., Gérvas I.: Heath. The concept of prevention: a good idea gone astray? J Epidemiol Community Health 2008;62: 580-3. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/... HealthRisks_report_full.pdf.
53.
Wilson T., Buck D., Ham C.: Rising to the challenge: will the NHS support people with long term conditions? British Medical Journal 2005;330(7492): 657 61.
54.
Olsson M., Lexell J., Soderberg S.: The meaning of fatigue for women with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2005;49(1): 7-15.
55.
McIntyre D., et al.: What are the economic consequences for households of illness and of paying for health care in developing country contexts? Social Science and Medicine 2006;62: 858-65.
56.
Jones K., Saxon L., Cunningham W., Adams P.: Secondary prevention for patients after a myocardial infarction: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ 2013;347:f6544 doi: 10.1136/bmj.f6544.
57.
Smajlović D.: Strokes in young adults: epidemiology and prevention. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2015;24(11): 157-64.
58.
Busse R., et al.: Tackling Chronic Disease in Europe: Strategies, Interventions and Challenges. World Health Organization, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies 2010. http://www.euro.who.int/_data/... 0008/96632/E93736.pdf.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2084-6312 |
| ISSN: | 1505-7054 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
