Meteorological conditions have an impact on the human body on a permanent basis and lead to numerous of physiological and behavioural reactions.To a large extent, the meteorological conditions have shaped the civilisations, way of life, architecture and art. Nowadays, where dynamic changes of climate and frequent and violent weather anomalies are observed, the meteorological conditions are becoming a factor which directly influence the quality of life and which are often hazardous to the human health. In this range, heat and cold waves which cause a rapid increase in mortality are of the significant importance. Large diurnal changes in atmospheric pressure which lead to a worse well-being and tendency to aggression or weakened concentration are also significant. Due to more frequent weather anomalies, more and more people is exposed to the weather’s effects and elderly people constitute the most endangered group. In this regard, it is crucial to create an early warning system for unfavourable meteorological conditions altogether with providing a thorough information regarding the way of an effective protection against their influence. The mechanism of the impact of high and low temperatures to the human body has been presented in the thesis, including the life-threatening condition. A description of health effects of the influence of significant changes of the diurnal atmospheric pressure has been also provided.