REVIEW PAPER
The use of buccal cells in human biological monitoring
1
Instytut Ekologii Terenów Uprzemysłowionych w Katowicach
Dyrektor: dr hab. inż. Jan Skowronek
Corresponding author
Ewa Błaszczyk
Instytut Ekologii Terenów Uprzemysłowionych ul. Kossutha 6; 40-844 Katowice tel. 32 254 60 31 wew. 247
Instytut Ekologii Terenów Uprzemysłowionych ul. Kossutha 6; 40-844 Katowice tel. 32 254 60 31 wew. 247
Med Srod. 2012;15(4):129-138
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
One of the basic methods for determining the degree of environmental risk posed to humans is identification of harmful substances in various environmental elements (air, water, soil, food). In contrast to environmental monitoring human biological monitoring (HBM) enables the estimation of an absorbed dose, general or localized in a specific organ. HBM enables the assessment of exposure to substances which are absorbed by the body via different exposure pathways and with different contaminant carriers. It is based on the measurement of indicators, the so-called biomarkers, in body fluids (blood, urine, saliva, etc.) or in tissues and organs. Biomarkers can be divided into markers of exposure, effects and susceptibility. A particularly useful method is determination of
adducts, i.e. carcinogenic compounds (or their metabolites) with proteins or DNA, which are markers of exposure. Biomarkers of biological effects are different cytogenetic changes, including micronuclei. These are extranuclear structures containing fragments of chromatin (arising as a result of DNA breaks) or whole chromosomes (damage to the spindle apparatus during mitosis). Up to now most studies on the DNA adduct levels and micronuclei have been conducted in peripheral lymphocytes. At present, studies using blood, especially in children to restricted to ethical aspects, and therefore tests using epithelial cells from the oral cavity have become more popular. Epithelial cells are the main building material of an epithelial tissue which makes up about 60% of all cells of the human body. The main function of the epithelial tissue is covering and lining of the outer and inner surfaces of the body. Epithelium underwent high specialisation in various parts of the human body, which is associated with its structure and function. Human oral cavity is covered by stratified squamous epithelium, which is comprised of cells called keratinocytes. Oral epithelial cells may differentiate in two directions: towards keratinized or nonkeratinized oral epithelia. In this study, based on our past experience and the available literature, research procedures for the collection of oral epithelial cells and their proper preparation for using them both for the analysis of DNA adducts and micronucleus assay are presented.
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